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“I was born in about 50km from Phnom Penh. It’s not as crowded as Phnom Penh and people earn a living by farming. There are a lot of mountains and valleys in this area and it can be a difficult place to live,” explains Piseth Kim, lead facilitator with EWB’s Sanitation in Challenging Environments (SCE) program in Cambodia. “My Bachelors degree is in Water Resource Engineering, and afterwards I did a Masters in Environmental Engineering. Water management is an issue here; Cambodia has the biggest freshwater area in South East Asia but still we can’t manage it properly. The first thing I can do now is to bring all I have learned into my working environment.”

Home to millions of people, the fertile agricultural basin around the Tonle Sap and Mekong river is the largest freshwater system in South East Asia, and is seasonally inundated by flood waters. The Tonle Sap also has many over-water communities who live on the lake. Piseth explains that there is no sanitation infrastructure for these communities. “Living without proper sanitation on the Tonle Sap causes water pollution, which affects the health of these people, who use the water for drinking and as a food source.”

A quarter of Cambodia’s population, approximately four million people do not have access to appropriate sanitation, as they live in floating communities or communities affected by drought, flooding, or high groundwater. Mass-market sanitation installations are not designed to withstand floods or for use over water and therefore are not suitable. Without access to sanitation open defecation is common.

“I feel bad because I have been to other countries where they don’t have to care about sanitation anymore because it is already in place,” He says “but on the Tonle Sap they don’t even know that they should care about it, that it is their basic right to have access to appropriate sanitation. I want to change this.”

Piseth and the SCE team are working on the development of appropriate sanitation technologies for these households. By focussing on technologies that are not only appropriate but also affordable and can be successfully marketed to communities, EWB aims to build a sustainable sanitation market serving these ‘last mile’ customers. “I am working to bring proper technology and solutions to people who live in flood prone communities,” says Piseth “I think the job I am doing can contribute an important part of the solution.”

In the past 12 months Piseth and the SCE team have helped to trial and evaluate four innovative custom designed technologies. These include the HandyPod, a floating sanitation system for over-water households, developed with Wetlands Work!; the SaTo pan with RainWater Cambodia, suitable for communities prone to drought; the ATEC* Biodigester, which produces clean biogas for cooking and lighting from a sanitation management system suitable for flood-prone areas; and the 3 Chamber (3C)  pit latrine, which improves the effluent quality leached into the surrounding soil and water environment, developed with iDE sanitation entrepreneurship hub.

“The government are trying to achieve 100% sanitation coverage by 2025, in a country where millions live in challenging environments,” explains Piseth. “One of our challenges is to get people to try something new. We use sanitation marketing to promote these sanitation technologies.” Nonetheless systemic behaviour change and market dynamics are complex, so EWB collaborate with local partners and government institutions to positively influence policies and approaches. ““We are the driving force in Cambodia bringing attention to Sanitation in Challenging Environments,” says Piseth “We work closely with the government and with other WASH organisations to advocate for this important area.”

The team have also drafted SCE guiding principles with the Cambodian Ministry of Rural Development, an important step towards embedding good national policies. “At a national level advocating, facilitating and working with the government sector is really hard, because we are competing with other causes for their attention. But our goal as EWB is that everyone has access to appropriate sanitation technology and knowledge, and this is an important way to deal with this issue.”

Piseth is feeling positive about the future of appropriate sanitation in Cambodia and his important role in developing it. “I am proud of myself to have been given the opportunity and the responsibility to lead other SCE professionals. My being Cambodian is important. We need to develop our own engineering resources here and not depend on expats to come over and solve our problems for us. Having local staff and building local capacity of the younger generation is the most sustainable strategy.”

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“The whole reason why I studied Engineering is because I am interested in how infrastructure underpins stable prosperous societies. It sounds so grandiose!” laughs Sam “But I was always trying to see how I could use engineering to work on some of these big challenges we have in the world, like poverty.” Having joined the EWB chapter at UNSW, Sam found himself amongst likeminded people with a shared vision for how engineering can be used for social good. “There is so much energy in the universities for this. Graduates now expect that their work is going to be closely tied to social benefit, and EWB has played a big role in putting that on their agenda.”

When it came to choosing his final year research thesis, Sam felt the choice was obvious. “EWB’s University Research Program is the only humanitarian engineering research program of its kind in Australia, maybe in the whole Asia Pacific,” he explains “For students in civil engineering they might be looking at the prospect of researching how much cement there is in a particular concrete blend – not something people get too excited about,” he says laughing “but with the EWB research program so many students look at that and think ‘Wow! I can have real impact with my thesis!”

For eleven years through EWB’s University Research Program, final year students across Australia have investigated the application of new ideas to real world issues such as disability access, energy and food production. In 2016/2017, 42 research projects were completed; this involved 53 student researchers – over 55% of whom are female – supervised by 35 academics at 12 universities for 11 community partner organisations.  In the same period, 42 new research projects for 6 community partner organisations commenced, involving by 61 student researchers supervised by 34 academics across 13 universities.

With community development organisations partnering closely throughout the process, students only work on technologies and applications relevant to community needs. But why work with young people not yet qualified as engineers?

“Communities generally are short on time and engineering knowledge,” explains Nick Brown who runs the EWB Research Program. “They also have limited access to resources, and they certainly don’t have the kind of facilities that universities make available to students. Crucially though it these young people who often bring the fresh perspective needed to rethink solutions for communities long underserved by the traditional engineering sector.”

Sam agrees, “The culture that EWB brings to its research program makes it a hub for innovative ideas, and thinking about things differently both inside and outside of Australia,” says Sam “And its popularity is growing really rapidly.” Sam himself undertook a thesis that didn’t actually have a lot of engineering in it. He chose to research business models for social enterprises serving Base of Pyramid (BoP) markets, specifically with a focus on the EWB social enterprise ATEC* which markets flood and earthquake proof biodigestors, helping poorer communities meet their energy and sanitation needs.

“I had a rough understanding of social enterprise at the time, so I was really interested in learning more about this space so I could have a solid foundation in it before I graduated. Also I really wanted to work on the ATEC* project because I was so excited by the technology.” Pairing the research approach with the community approach is something EWB is well practised in, using it as a way to generate and iterate innovative and appropriate technologies. Nonetheless Sam’s research looked at scaling appropriate technology that was already in place.

“I did a huge literature review looking at the business strategies of the most successful social enterprises. I broke down their approaches into parts and picked the takeaways I thought would be useful for Atec*. One of the main findings is the importance of a strong aftersales service, because one of the real failings of development aid is when there is no thought for how a technology will be maintained after it is installed.”

For his efforts, Sam was awarded the Best Presentation, and the Entrepreneurship Award​ at the Research Symposium 2016, part of the EWB Making an Impact Summit.  Furthermore having read the research, Ben Jeffreys CEO of ATEC* invited Sam to spend two months in Cambodia with the ATEC* team to do further field research on the changes the social enterprise could make to its after sales service. Sam reflects that this was an incredibly valuable experience that complimented his engineering training. “When you get out in the real world engineers are working with business people, so you have got to have a good business mind set,” he says “So this experience was really useful for that, and for getting an understanding of working in developing countries – so incredibly formative for where I am at now.”

Through working in Cambodia, Sam came to understand that there is a big difference between what you read about social enterprises and how they actually run on the ground. Sam thinks that the research he did in Cambodia on aftersales service is useful “because there is a real gap in understanding right now.” A highlight for Sam though was how his own research could add real value to a real enterprise. He shared his findings with Ben and they have been incorporated into how ATEC* runs its business. “To see that the ATEC* CEO has my key summary notes above his desk as a reference is very satisfying,” He smiles.

Building on this experience, the last 12 months led him to short placements with Pollinate Energy in India and with UNESCAP, before securing his current role with The World Bank. As he plans his next working trip to Vanuatu, Sam reflects on the decision that led him from university to international development, and to the career he has always wanted. “EWB was what made me eligible to apply for this kind of job so young. It gave me that grounding in Humanitarian Engineering and community led design, and exposed me to what it is like working in developing countries. The World Bank were impressed, and excited that I clearly had a strong passion for working in this space.” And even as he helps to redefine engineering beyond traditional bounds he still hasn’t lost his perspective. “Right now I want to get the hang of the job I have,” he says laughing ‘I’m the young guy on the team!”

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The EWB Challenge is the humanitarian engineering university program tasking over 9000 first year students to develop engineering solutions addressing the needs of diverse communities ranging from Cambodia to Nepal, to Vanuatu and Timor Leste. In 2016, in a unique partnership with the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), EWB-Australia Challenge gave students the opportunity to develop design proposals for over 11,000 refugees living in the Mayukwayukwa refugee settlement in the Kaoma District of Zambia’s Western Province.

Aimed at improving daily life, and supporting the integration of refugees now eligible for permanent residency in Zambia, the design briefs included topics such as off-grid energy, SMS communication services, food processing, irrigation, transport and appropriate shelter. So how can students design useful solutions for a people and a place that they have never seen or experienced?

The EWB Challenge team creates an information portal for them – a window into another way of life. Spending several weeks overseas the team conducts in-depth interviews, and compiles extensive photo galleries, diagrams and maps to accurately document every aspect of life. Even the most seemingly mundane details become important, from the preparing of a meal to the storage of tools. But how to elevate all this information off the page so that it encourages empathy for people and makes real their way of life?

“We have started using affordable 360° technology to make it feel alive,” explains Tim Danes, E-learning entrepreneur and EWB Challenge virtual reality consultant. “You are empowered to look around. And when you are empowered to look around that changes the way you think about a space. All of a sudden it is not just a pin hole to look through.”

When preparing for the 2017 EWB Challenge project in Vanuatu, Tim employed the latest 360° filming techniques to build a virtual reality documented through the routines of daily life, such as lighting a fire. “When we film in 360° you can take a moment to look around, you can see the kitchen set up, see that the ventilation isn’t really there, and you can see everything else about the hut. You learn about so much more than just a woman lighting a fire,” He explains.

“Virtual reality takes content to another level,” He says “So if I take a photo of a water tank with a 360° camera then we can see that the water tank is actually 50 metres from the house and that the pipe that goes from the tank to the house is made from bamboo, and we can see a whole lot more context that just isn’t available from a single photo.”

Drone technology is now taking the experience one step further because it reveals the landscape people live in. “To capture how far away a water source really is, and what a big issue it is to get there when it is down a 100 m escarpment, I moved to a super stable video camera and drones,” explains Tim “You get elevated views and an idea of scale, which is so hard to capture from the ground. And now I have developed an app that can deliver two and three dimensional content on the same platform so you can move between both. When you actually feel like you are in the space, it really helps with your connection to the people and to the environment. It creates empathy.” He says smiling.

Building empathy is a corner stone of EWB Challenge, and is one of the most powerful differentiators of the program from other first year engineering modules. “A big part of what Engineers Without Borders’ Challenge does is teach empathy to people,” explains Scott Rayburg, senior lecturer of Engineering at Swinburne University. “Engineers are all about solving people’s problems, and how can I solve your problem if I can’t empathise with that problem? I need to understand your life, your issues if I am going to solve a problem for you.”

Jenny Turner who led EWB’s collaboration with UNHCR agrees. “Most of these students have never been to Zambia and for most this is their first experience of considering refugees and what they have actually gone through as well. So the amount of empathy that they develop through that process is really incredible, and that really comes out in the designs.”

Whilst student designs must be technically solid, the human-centred considerations of sustainability, community impact, availability of materials, and cultural appropriateness are just as important. “The Challenge really throws you in the deep end and it gets you to consider all aspects of the project,” Reflects Liroy Lourenco, a student at RMIT University. “You have got to engage with the client, and think about the user experience. I really appreciated watching the students that I was working with pushing themselves to say not everybody lives the way I do, not everybody cooks the way I do, or thinks the way I do, and wrestling with those things.”

Working on the front line with students as they develop these new skills, Scott Rayburg agrees, “The first thing that they do when they come to Swinburne University is take part in the Engineers Without Borders Challenge. They haven’t even trained to be an engineer yet and they are already coming up with a solution for someone in another country and that’s a really exciting experience, and it forces them to be creative right away.”

The very best of those student designs as judged by a rigorous university and industry assessment, are showcased at EWB’s annual Making an Impact Summit. Bringing together the very best proposals and sharing these with project and community partners such as UNHCR, is a moment when students, academics, industry and community partners can reflect on the humanitarian engineering skills students gain through the program.

“The designs that you see at the Making an Impact summit, they are very thoughtful of the communities whom they are designing for,” says Jenny “and that blows me away, that first year students are able to do that to the extent to which they do.”

So whilst engineering education in the past may not have ranked empathy as a core competency, rapid technological progress, emerging middle income economies and the impacts of climate change mean skill demands have shifted. “We need a fundamentally different kind of engineer,” observes Scott “The ones that we were training in the last generation are not appropriate to the challenges that we have now.”

Which means the user-centred design skills that students are developing can help to positively influence the engineering sector itself. “Most students will go and work with engineering firms here in Australia,” says Jenny “and so they are taking all of that knowledge and experience with them into their careers.”

The game changer for Tim nonetheless comes back to these new affordable technologies that allows students to step into someone else’s world. “Virtual reality is an empathy machine!” he says “From an education perspective content is important, but context is number one. My primary goal is to increase the validity and reliability of design projects. So that when a student creates a solution, they have looked at enough to see more of the context; to think more critically; and to hopefully produce an appropriate design idea.”

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It seems fitting in a culture where building a home is such a potent symbol of putting down strong roots, that Francisco has found his niche upskilling Timor-Leste’s engineering sector, as a Program Coordinator with the EWB Professional Skills Development (PSD) Program.

Having gained independence in 2002 after years of conflict, Timor-Leste has set down a clear development agenda through its Strategic Development Plan 2011-2030. However, the country is working to overcome some tough challenges. Currently four in ten Timorese live below the national poverty line, three in ten people still lack clean water and over half the population has no access to a toilet. The private sector faces difficulties including a low-skilled workforce and poor infrastructure. Women also face significant barriers in accessing education and employment. (Source: WaterAid, DFAT)

EWB’s locally-led Education and Professional Skills Development (PSD) program enables Timorese engineering/technical students and professionals to access skills training and practical work experience where such opportunities are hard to find. In turn this is an important way to address skills shortfalls and reinforce the sector to meet Timor-Leste’s housing, energy, and sanitation infrastructure needs.

The program, which to date has enabled access to industry relevant training for over 600 students and technical professionals in Cambodia and Timor-Leste, addresses specialised skills gaps such as engineering for sanitation in challenging environments. Tackling gender barriers to improve the representation of women in the industry is also an important point of difference for the program, which facilitates the Women in Engineering Group, known locally as Feto Enjiñeira (see right).

Francisco himself has worked hard to adapt his skills to the opportunities and development needs in his country, and was awarded a scholarship from EWB Australia to study a Bachelor of Civil Engineering in Timor-Leste, though he originally qualified in IT. “I decided to apply to study a Bachelor of Civil Engineering because our country needs development and needs those skills. Communities live in poor housing conditions, and lack access to toilets, and clean water. If I study civil engineering, I can practise it and use that knowledge. It is important that I am a Timorese role model.”

Francisco is now combining his engineering studies with his EWB role, and has a unique insight into the challenges facing engineers trying to break into and advance in the sector. “Based on my experience it is difficult for recent graduates to get a proper job,” He says “Students do not have good work experience, and that makes it hard to get a job.”

The PSD program works in a number of ways. Engineering Design Challenges promote peer-to-peer student learning, and to encourage female representation each participating team must include women. In the past 12 months 60 students across 4 universities took part, resulting in 10 submissions of practical, detailed designs that can improve community life. According to Francisco, the students really embrace this approach. “The students are all really enthusiastic about the program. We teach Human Centred Design and they all say this is really something new for us. The students really, really love it, and say this will be really helpful not just for us, but for students of engineering in the coming years.”

Working with CNEFP, the National Centre for Employment and Professional Training in Timor-Leste, the program team designed and developed a Leadership in Project Management course specific to the Timorese context. The course will be delivered by CNEFP trainers, addressing a sector skills gap and providing a new revenue stream for the centre.

The program also facilitates industry relevant internships that provide on-the-job experience. “Some students are really shy when they start but we train them how to work with partners,” Says Francisco “Many do project management and technical work. They are always excited to share their learnings with the other students.” Over the period July 2016 to July 2017, PSD supported 12 internships with organisations including WaterAid and Plan International, and four out of four recent graduates who had completed internships secured full time professional employment – a testament to the advantages of this work experience given the limited employment market.

Additionally the PSD Mentoring Program pairs students to professional mentors in Timor and Australia so they can gain expert guidance, with 25+ matches already made. “In my country the mentoring program is something new. Professional mentors can open the students’ minds, and help them with their plans.”

So what do employers think of the program? “Based on our experience they think highly of it.” Says Francisco “One of our students gave me feedback saying that because of the internship program he now has a job with the government as a quality control officer. He was able to talk about his internship, and they were impressed. That made me feel happy – this program really has an impact and that’s what I want to do!”

Moreover PSD fosters entrepreneurship by facilitating young engineers to create their own opportunities in the local market. Vitorino Soares a graduate who finished a PSD internship in March 2017, went on to set up his own horticulture enterprise with a view to employing young out-of-work Timorese. Opening up fresh perspectives through the PSD program is building new career pathways in the sector.

EWB employs four national staff like Francisco, and works with more than 10 local community partners in Cambodia, Timor-Leste and Vanuatu; strengthening the national engineering sector and nurturing a new generation of talent who can lead locally relevant initiatives for their peers in the industry. Francisco smiles, “I believe that with this approach that the community are really going to love having us here!”

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The EWB School Outreach programme promotes Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics (STEM) subjects to school children through fun interactive workshops that introduce kids to real world humanitarian challenges such as clean water access, and shows them how to use scientific principles to solve them. In 2016/2017 School Outreach initiatives led by role models like Jenny, reached 3,889 students – 55% of whom are female students – across 120 schools in rural and remote areas.

“I got involved to give young people some exposure to careers that may not be part of their day to day lives,” says Jenny “For example, they might regularly meet people working in teaching, nursing, or retail, but probably they don’t often meet people working as engineers.” And with women counting as 66% of those delivering School Outreach, EWB are very proud of the opportunity the program provides to showcase positive female role models working in STEM careers.

“We want to change the perception that STEM careers are only for boys good at maths, and that everyone working in STEM is ‘male, pale and stale’, says Emilie Nachtigalle, coordinator of EWB School Outreach. Indeed research has shown that children as young as three years learn stereotyped associations around gender and job roles (Hilliard & Liben 2010), and that six to nine year old girls hold implicit beliefs that maths and science are for boys, and that they are not as good at maths as boys. (Stefens, Jelenec & Noack 2010). “We want school kids to know that STEM is for anyone who likes problem solving and helping people,” she says “Moreover that working in STEM can be a source of empowerment; a means to build solutions for a world facing increasing global challenges.”

According to Emilie, there is growing demand from teachers in Australia for real-world based STEM content to use in their classrooms. The unique aspect of the EWB School Outreach program is that it is the only STEM program in Australia that focuses exclusively on ‘Humanitarian STEM’; using technical skills to solve humanitarian issues ranging from access to appropriate sanitation to clean energy. Solutions that help alleviate poverty, and address the Global Sustainable Development Goals to create a better world for everybody.

“This program has a double impact because school students see a different side of STEM, have a fun hands-on experience, and meet enthusiastic people who act as near to peer role models,” says Emilie. “Meanwhile volunteers connect with their communities and like-minded peers, develop their social conscience, and feel like they are giving back to the next generation.”

With its broad volunteer base and partnership model, EWB Australia has been able to bring these STEM workshops to rural, remote and regional schools that might otherwise struggle to access these resources. Moreover 12.2 % of students participating identified as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander or both.

Given the unique opportunity to engage Indigenous students, in 2016 EWB piloted a new type of school outreach incorporating traditional knowledge. In close partnership with a community in and around the Shepparton area of Victoria; including the Yorta Yorta Nation, and the Koorie Education Support Officers, new modules were developed that are closely aligned to the significant places and traditional knowledge of the Yorta Yorta culture. 40 volunteers especially trained in cultural awareness and best practices in Aboriginal education, have now delivered these workshops to over 30 schools in the region.

“This initiative is an important step toward reconciliation,” says Emilie. “It helps to create space in the STEM ecosystem for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth by valuing their traditional knowledge, supports the development of a culturally competent profession, and deepens non-Aboriginal Australia’s respect for the ancient wisdom that can support the work of STEM professionals.”

For Jenny, volunteering pays off in many ways. “I feel a small glowing happiness on the inside. I really enjoy seeing the confidence of school kids working together to tackle these problems in creative and agile ways. It can spark an idea, a change in outlook, or reshape the direction of someone’s life.”

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The inclusive agriculture co-design initiative focused on empowerment of participants and utilised the skills and knowledge of the community as well as the project team to design and construct products that would support people with disabilities to partake in agricultural activities and potentially generate an income stream.

In 2017, four co-design workshops were conducted with a community in Kampong Tralach district of Kampong Chhnang province. We aimed to design assistive technologies that helped people with disabilities farm their small plots more easily. In practice, this resulted in the design of two products: a locally manufactured, low-cost rice seeder, and an attachment for an ox-drawn plough that assisted people with mobility limitations when preparing fields.

These products were stored by the community and available for use by anyone who attended the workshops. All interviewees at the conclusion of the project reported that they would be keen to attend similar workshops in the future and an average of 83% of participants reported being “Very Happy” at the end of each workshop. One participant said of the workshops: “It’s helpful in terms of ideas and forces. I am happy and more confident. I am encouraged that if I can make the design possible, other community members would contribute some parts of bikes, tanks and wood.”

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Bee Lafaek is piloting potable water kiosks in Timor-Leste, operated as small-scale enterprises by trained teams of young people. It is a model that has two overarching goals, says Lewis. “Providing people with safe potable water, and providing economic opportunities for youth.” For the youth involved it is also broadening their perspective on the kind of work opportunities they could have or could create – such as being self-employed. “The entrepreneurial activities that are part of this program are very useful,” agrees Lewis nodding “There is accounting, there is customer service, things that will be applicable to whatever career path these young people take in the future.”

An initiative of EWB Australia, and The Wise Foundation in partnership with CNEFP, the National Centre for Employment and Professional Training, the program also aims to be “an inclusive economic activity” for young people of all abilities, and engaged with RHTO, the National Disabilities Group. “We chose to involve these young people because they are good at their jobs, and they can participate,” says Lewis “and because this is not an opportunity that they would have otherwise got.”

Apolonia Santos agrees that finding work as a young Timorese with a disability is especially challenging saying “There is no opportunity for people with a disability.” Today she co-operates the Bee Lafaek ‘ANL Dinocin Dominia’ kiosk with her three colleagues Domingas Bere, Olandino Gomez, and Ecin Corte-Real Soares. They all have physical disabilities, and they all share the demoralizing experience of struggling to secure work. Before joining Bee Lafaek both Apolonia and Olandino say they were ‘hanging around at home doing nothing’, something which Olandino says made him feel, “so sad, with my disability I feel like I can’t do anything or contribute anything.”

Facilitated through the RHTO, Apolonia, Domingas, Olandino and Ecin were invited to join Bee Lafaek, and received training in kiosk operation, business management and customer service. Working together as a team they all agree has provided valuable collegial support, and they play to their individual strengths by coordinating responsibilities that respect each other’s disabilities.

Domingas says he is now inspired “to motivate another person with a disability and show to young people in Timor Leste how even with a disability, they can be effective and productive.” Olandino agrees, saying the team worried at the start that “we won’t be able to run a business with disabilities, but now the community accepts us and says to other young people, why can’t you do that?”

Lewis comes by regularly to check in with the team and support them with any issues, and sees firsthand the confidence they have gained through running the potable water enterprise. “They are proud about what they are doing,” he says smiling, “They serve as role models to their friends – they see them working, making money, helping to support their families, and they are inspired to do the same. I think there is a tremendous upside to that.”

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